Determination of Kc The determination of an equilibrium constant can be carried out in a school laboratory using an esterification reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid in the presence ...
Iodine Clock Reaction Clock reactions are so called because they show a sharp dramatic colour change after a period of time has elapsed They make ideal reactions for studying kinetics Iodine...
Entropy of Vaporisation The entropy change when water boils can be measured using a kettle and a top pan balance At the boiling point, liquid water and water vapour exist in equilibrium so t...
Required Practical 9 Required Practical 9: Investigating pH changes The experimental set up for measuring pH changes in titrations Steps in the procedure Measure out 50 cm3?of 1.0 mol...
Required Practical 8 Required Practical 8: Measuring the EMF of a cell To measure a cell EMF you will need Two small beakers, around 75 cm3?capacity Strips of suitable metals such as copper,...
Interpreting Chromatograms The less polar components travel further up the TLC plate Their?Rf?values are higher?than those closer to the baseline They are?more soluble?in the mobile phase an...
Gas Chromatography Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) is used for analysing: Gases Volatile liquids Solids in their vapour form The stationary phase: This method uses a long coiled colum...
Column Chromatography Column Chromatography In column chromatography, the column is often a long vertical glass tube or in the laboratory a burette is suitable An inert solid (usually powder...
Thin Layer Chromatography Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to analyse small samples via separation For example, we could separate a dye out to determine the mixture of dye...
