接觸到Alevel物理熱力學(xué)(Thermal physics),會(huì)從微觀粒子(particles或molecules)的角度來解釋物質(zhì)的溫度、壓強(qiáng)、動(dòng)能、勢(shì)能等問題。學(xué)生們會(huì)覺得微觀的部分不太好理解,上課的時(shí)候知識(shí)點(diǎn)可以理解,落實(shí)到練習(xí)題,仍然會(huì)有下不了手的感覺。
今天我們整理并講解一下ideal gas(理想氣體)相關(guān)的幾道真題及答案。通過這幾題輔助大家思考一下理論知識(shí)點(diǎn)和考題的聯(lián)系。
試題來源:CAIE A Level物理(9702)近年真題
問題1:What is meant by an ideal gas.
解析:這是一道基礎(chǔ)的定義題,解釋什么是ideal gas。簡(jiǎn)單來說只要符合ideal gas equation,pV / T = constant的,就叫理想氣體。不過要同時(shí)解釋清楚p、V和T分別代表哪些物理量。
答案:
gas obeys formula pV / T = constant
p is pressure
V is volume
T is kelvin temperature
問題2:An ideal gas is said to consist of molecules that are hard elastic identical spheres. State two further assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases.
解析:?jiǎn)栴}要求寫兩點(diǎn)關(guān)于kinetic theory of gas的假設(shè)。假設(shè)一共有好多條,大致可以整理成6條,這幾條是后面理解kinetic theory equation的推導(dǎo)和有關(guān)理想氣體internal energy相關(guān)問題的重要前提。
答案:6選2,優(yōu)先選擇前面幾條答案。
total volume of molecules negligible compared to that of container
no intermolecular forces/ no forces between molecules (except during collisions)
molecules in random motion
all collisions involving molecules of the gas are elastic
time of collision small compared with the time between collisions
large number of molecules
問題3:One of the assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases is related to the volume of the atoms.
解析:本題是由上述6條假設(shè)延伸出的問題,要求我們寫有關(guān)粒子體積的那一條假設(shè)。
答案:assumption: volume of atoms negligible compared to volume of container
問題4:ΔU = (+q) + (+w) ?熱力學(xué)第一定律這幾個(gè)字母所代表的含義。
解析:ΔU指的是內(nèi)能(internal energy)的變化,如果internal energy增加,那ΔU是正的;如果internal energy減少,那ΔU是負(fù)的。q代表這個(gè)系統(tǒng)吸收thermal energy或者釋放thermal energy。w代表work done,做功,是對(duì)系統(tǒng)做功還是系統(tǒng)對(duì)外做功。
答案:
+ΔU : the increase or decrease in internal energy of the system
-ΔU : decrease in internal energy of the system
+q:thermal energy transfer to system
+ w:work done on system
問題5:State what is meant by the internal energy of a system.
解析:Internal energy的定義,指的是組成物質(zhì)的particles所具有的動(dòng)能和勢(shì)能的總和。U=Σk.e.+Σp.e.
答案:
sum of potential energy and kinetic energy (of particles)
(total) energy of random motion of particles
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