Analysing Epidemiological Data Epidemiology?is the study of the?distribution and incidence of diseases?in the population and the associated or contributory risk factors It has contributed to our?un...
Creating Hybridoma Cells Introduction Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are?artificially produced antibodies?produced from a single B cell clone The?hybridoma method?is used to?make monoclonal antibodie...
Production of Histamines Histamines are?chemicals?created by the body in?response to allergens?such as pollen, pet dander, food substances or dust Allergens are antigens?and so they are encountered...
Zoonosis Some diseases are?species specific?whilst others can?cross species barriers?to infect multiple different species Species-specific disease may be?unable to cross the species barrier?for man...
Jenner's Ethics Introduction The principles underpinning vaccinations were discovered by?Edward Jenner?in the 1700s when he developed the?first smallpox vaccine Smallpox was a highly infectious dis...
Antibodies: Function The function of?antibodies?produced by B-cells is to?destroy pathogens?within the body This can be done either?directly, or by?recruiting other immune cells Antibodies aid the ...
近日，英國資格與考試監督管理辦公室（ofqual）發布最新通知：《關于2022夏季GCSE、AS和A-Level考試成績說明》。 圖源：英國政府網 1，ofqual：2022夏季考試成績說明 1、2022年夏季考試，考試委員采用的評分方法...
Specific Immune Response T-Helper cells (a type of lymphocyte that responds to specific antigens) and mature?B cells?(another type of lymphocyte) have specific receptors located on their cell surfa...
Antigens Every organism has cells with?unique molecules?on the cell surface membrane which act as?markers?to?identify?it These unique markers are?macromolecules?and they allow?cell-to-cell recognit...
