Respiratory Quotient (RQ) The respiratory quotient (RQ) is: the ratio of carbon dioxide molecules produced to oxygen molecules taken in during respiration RQ = CO2?/ O2 The formula for the Respirat...
Energy Values of Respiratory Substrates Glucose?is the main respiratory substrate for aerobic respiration in most cells When the supply of glucose in a cell has been used up a cell may continue res...
ATP: Universal Energy Currency Energy released during the reactions of respiration is transferred to the molecule?adenosine triphosphate?(ATP) ATP is a small and soluble molecule that provides a?sh...
The Need for Energy Living organisms are composed of cells, and within each cell, many?activities?and?processes?are constantly being carried out to maintain life Work in a living organism requires?...
Vaccination to Control Disease With the exception of the great success story surrounding the eradication of Smallpox following a ten year global initiative in 1980 no other pathogen has been eradic...
How Vaccines Work A?vaccine?is a suspension of?antigens?that are intentionally put into the body to induce?artificial active immunity. A specific immune response where?antibodies?are released by?pl...
Types of Immunity Active immunity Active immunity?is acquired when an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response (antibodies are produced) Active immunity is?naturally acquired?t...
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Diagnostic uses of monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies can be used?diagnostically?for: Pregnancy tests Diagnosing HIV Detecting the presence of pathogens such a...
The Hybridoma Method Monoclonal antibodies are artificially produced antibodies produced from a single B cell clone The?hybridoma method?is a method used to make?monoclonal antibodies?(Mabs) The me...
Antibodies: Structure & Functions Structure Antibodies are?globular glycoproteins?called?immunoglobulins Antibodies have a?quaternary?structure (which is represented as?Y-shaped), with?two ‘hea...
Memory Cells & Long-Term Immunity During an immune response, B-lymphocytes form?two types of cell:?plasma cells?and?memory cells Memory cells form the basis of?immunological memory?– the cells ...
Primary Immune Response (Advanced) Lymphocytes?are another type of white blood cell They play an important part in the?specific?immune response They are?smaller?than phagocytes They have a?large nu...
