Core Practical 9: Finding Ka for a Weak Acid The?Ka?of a weak acid may be determined by finding the pH at the half equivalence point At the half equivalence point?Ka?= [H+] Key steps in the ...
Types of Column Chromatography Column Chromatography In column chromatography, the column is often a long vertical glass tube or in the laboratory a burette is suitable An inert solid (usual...
Thin Layer Chromatography Principles of Chromatography Chromatography is a technique that enables the separation of mixtures and includes: thin-layer chromatography (TLC) column chromatograp...
Proton NMR - Introduction Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)?spectroscopy is used for analysing organic compounds All samples are measured against a reference compound –?Tetramethylsilane (TMS) ?Tetr...
Using Carbon-13 Data Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used for analysing organic compounds Atoms with odd mass numbers usually show signals on NMR For example, isotopes of at...
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Using Mass Spectra At AS level, you have used mass spectrometry to determine: Relative atomic mass from isotopic abundance Possible molecular formulae from molecular ion peaks Organic struct...
Melting & Boiling Point Determination Melting point determination The melting point of a solid is indicative of its purity and identity A melting point can be matched to a known substanc...
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Purification Methods There are different methods to purify organic compounds, including: Solvent extraction / use of a separating funnel Use of drying agents Recrystallisation Solvent extrac...
Distillation & Refluxing Simple distillation Simple distillation is a common practical completed in organic chemistry It is used as there are times that a reaction does not go to complet...
Grignard Reagents If we need to increase the chain length we can use?Grignard reagents Preparing Grignard reagents? A halogenoalkane is dissolved in dry ether and reacted with magnesium to p...
