• Stereoisomers?are compounds that have the same atoms connected to each other, however the atoms are differently arranged in space
• There are two types of?stereoisomerism:
  • Geometrical (cis/trans) isomerism
  • Optical isomerism

Geometrical (cis/trans) isomerism

• Geometrical isomerism?is seen in unsaturated (double bond containing) or ring compounds that have the same molecular formula and order of atoms (the atoms are connected similarly to each other) but different shapes
• Cis/trans?nomenclature is used to distinguish between the isomers
  • Cis isomers have functional groups on the same side of the double bond/carbon ring
  • Trans isomers have functional groups on opposite sides of the double bond/carbon ring

Geometrical isomerism in unsaturated compounds

Geometrical isomerism in cyclic compounds

• This causes the compounds to have different?chemical?and?physical?properties
• For example, they may have different reaction rates for the same reaction (chemical property) or different melting/boiling points (physical property)

Optical isomerism

• Optical isomers?arise when a carbon atom in a molecule is bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms
• The carbon atom is ‘asymmetric’ as there is no plane of symmetric in the molecule and is also called the?chiral centre?of the molecule
• The two different optical isomers are also called?enantiomers
  • Just like the left hand cannot be?superimposed?on the right hand, enantiomers too are?non-superimposable
  • Enantiomers are?mirror?images?of each other

Both molecules are made up of the same atoms which are bonded to each other identically, however the chiral centre (carbon with four different groups) gives rise to optical isomerism

• Optical isomers differ in their ability to rotate the?plane?of?polarised?light
  • One enantiomer will rotate it?clockwise?and the other?anticlockwise

A2 only

• Normal light is?unpolarised?and consists of?electric?and?magnetic?fields?that vibrate at right angles to each other in every possible direction
• When the unpolarised light passes through a polariser, the light gets polarised causing it to vibrate in only?one?plane
• A pair of optical isomers will rotate the plane of polarised light by equal amounts in?opposite?direction
• When equal amounts of the enantiomers are present in solution, the plane of polarised light doesn’t change
  • As the enantiomers cancel out each other’s effect
• A solution with equal amounts of both enantiomers is also called a?racemic mixture

Light consists of vibrations in all possible directions however when it passes through a polariser the light gets polarised and vibrates in only one plane: enantiomers cause the plane of polarised light to rotate clockwise or anticlockwise

Unsaturated compounds

• In unsaturated compounds, the groups attached to the C=C carbons remain fixed in their position
• This is because free rotation of the bonds about the C=C bond is not possible due to the presence of a π bond

The presence of a?π?bond in unsaturated compounds restricts rotation about the C=C bond forcing the groups to remain fixed in their position and giving rise to the formation of geometrical isomers