• Plants need several factors for?photosynthesis?to occur:
  • The presence of?photosynthetic pigments
  • A supply of?carbon dioxide
  • A supply of?water
  • Light?energy
  • A?suitable?temperature

   

• If there is a?shortage?of any of these factors, photosynthesis cannot occur at its?maximum possible rate
• The main external factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis are:
  • Light intensity
  • Carbon dioxide concentration
  • Temperature

   

• These are known as?limiting factors?of photosynthesis
• If any one of these factors is?below the optimum level?for the plant, its rate of photosynthesis will be?reduced, even if the other two factors are at the optimum level
• Although a lack of water can reduce the rate of photosynthesis, water shortages usually affect other processes in the plant before affecting photosynthesis and is therefore not one of the main limiting factors

Light intensity

• When temperature and carbon dioxide concentration remain constant, changes in light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis
• The rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases:
  • The greater the light intensity, the more energy supplied to the plant and therefore?the faster the light-dependent stage?of photosynthesis can occur
  • This?produces more ATP and reduced NADP for the Calvin cycle?(light-independent stage), which can then also occur at a greater rate
  • During this stage of the graph below, light intensity is said to be a limiting factor of photosynthesis

   

• At some point, if light intensity continues to increase, the relationship above will no longer apply and the rate of photosynthesis will reach a?plateau
• At this point,?light intensity is no longer a limiting factor?of photosynthesis – another factor is limiting the rate of photosynthesis
• The factors which could be limiting the rate when the line on the graph is horizontal include?temperature?being too low or too high, or not enough?carbon dioxide

The effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide concentration

• The rate of photosynthesis increases as carbon dioxide concentration increases:
  • Carbon dioxide is one of the raw materials required for photosynthesis
  • It is required for the?light-independent stage of photosynthesis,?when CO2?is combined with the five-carbon compound ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) during?carbon fixation
  • This means the more carbon dioxide that is present, the faster this step of the?Calvin cycle?can occur and?the faster the overall rate of photosynthesis

   

• This trend will continue until some other factor required for photosynthesis prevents the rate from increasing further because it is in short supply
• The natural level of?CO2?in the atmosphere is?0.04%, it is therefore not advisable to increase the?CO2?concentration much higher than this as it can become?toxic
• The factors which could be limiting the rate when the line on the graph is horizontal include?temperature?being too low or too high, or not enough?light

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis

Temperature

• As temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases as the reaction is controlled by enzymes
• However, as the reaction is controlled by enzymes,?this trend only continues up to a certain temperature?beyond which the enzymes begin to?denature?and the rate of reaction?decreases
• For most metabolic reactions, temperature has a large effect on reaction rate
• For photosynthesis,?temperature has no significant effect on the light-dependent reactions, as these are driven by energy from light rather than the kinetic energy of the reacting molecules
• However,?the Calvin cycle is affected by temperature, as the light-independent reactions are enzyme-controlled reactions?(eg. rubisco catalyses the reaction between CO2?and the five-carbon compound ribulose bisphosphate)
• As long as there is enough light to produce ATP and NADPH in the light-dependent reaction, increasing temperature up to an?optimum temperature?(this will vary by species and what its natural habitat is) will increase the rate of the light-independent reactions and therefore the rate of photosynthesis
• Although the rate of enzymatic reactions is the main component affected by temperature, other components of the process can also be affected:
  • Increasing temperature causes?stomata?on the leaf to close in order to?reduce water loss, when the stomata are closed CO2?cannot enter the leaves - therefore, a balance must be met here
  • The light-dependent reaction relies on a proton gradient forming across the?thylakoid membrane?- it is important that a too high or too low temperature does not affect the?permeability?of the membrane which may lead to a dissipation of the proton gradient

   

The effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis

Agricultural practices balance limiting factors

• An understanding of limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis can be used to?increase crop yields?in?protected environments, such as?glasshouses
• In the most sophisticated glasshouses, for example,?sensors?can be used to monitor the?light intensity, the?humidity?of the atmosphere and the?carbon dioxide concentration?around the crops
  • This means that plants could continue to grow through the night if they are kept lit with artificial lighting
  • Plants can be grown out of their natural season and habitat because the temperature can be kept constant all year round

   

• All these factors can be?managed?by a computer and their levels?adjusted?to ensure the crop can?photosynthesis at the highest rate possible
• Water can be supplied by irrigation systems throughout the glasshouse or fields which sometimes contain added fertilisers or growth nutrients such as nitrates to aid plant growth
• Natural pests that may spread disease or eat the crops can be controlled within agricultural settings by pesticides or by separating the plants from unfiltered outside air
• This?maximises the yield?of the crop
• Farmers have to find a?balance?between crop?yield?and the?cost?of maintaining 24 hour lighting and year-round heating as well as the?environmental implications?this has