IGCSE經濟學知識點干貨

2018年5月全球大考在即

這個考試的結果將拉開你未來大學申請的第一場序幕

想要贏得英美名校的offer

學習體系下的你

要深知

就在此刻

我們特別為你推出了圓桌課堂備考課程

圓桌課堂教學法的重點在于：

不使用任何教科書，所有的課程內容與問題、課后作業，全是由授課老師親自編寫。同時，不使用演講式的授課方式，12 名學生和1名老師圍著哈克尼斯圓桌（Harkness Table），以提問、討論、辯論的方式教學。

我們特別制作了在線版的圓桌課堂，

僅有6名學生和1名老師圍著專用在線教室，

以互相激發和逐個擊破考綱要點的模式，

讓你通過提問，辯論，討論加深理解和記憶

更少的學生=更精準的教師指導

更多的討論=更有效的學習效率

更牛的老師=更清晰的備考策略

以下是牛津名師為大家準備的經濟學的重要知識點，記得收藏后，每天拿出來熟悉熟悉哦！

Market Economy

▼Definition：This economic system relies on the market forces of demand and supply to allocate resources. Decisions on how resources are to be allocated are usually taken by millions of households and thousands of firms.

市場經濟就像Adam Smith所說過的“無形的手”，這無形的手就是市場上的需求與供應操縱著價格的上升與下降，例如說，有高需求的商品，多人競爭一個商品，那么就會自然而然推動價格的增長，反之亦然。The private sector decides on the fundamental questions of the 3 basic economic problems.

▼Advantages of the market system:

·Efficiency：Competition helps to ensure that private individuals and firms pay attention to what consumers want. This helps to stimulate innovation, there by making market economies more responsive and dynamic.

在市場經濟的形式下生產者因為專注于消費者的喜好而生產消費者喜歡的商品，所以說不同于計劃經濟中央政府不論顧客喜好商品千篇一律，市場經濟中的核心是消費者。所以生產者生產的商品都是與消費者的需求相吻合，所以說這樣的生產相對計劃經濟來說就更高效。

·Freedom of choice: Individuals can choose which goods and services to purchase and which career to pursue, without being restricted by government regulations.

繼上一條之后，沒有政府干預，不同消費者有不同喜好，所以市場內就會生產給類不同的商品供顧客選擇，消費者可以自由選擇他們所需要的和喜歡的商品和服務。

·Competition creates innovation and creativity: If they wanted to survive in the market, firms have to be innovative to create better qualified goods and services to attract the consumers in order to persuade them to buy your goods or else they would lose their profit and could not earn enough revenue to keep running the firm.

在市場經濟中存在著大大小小的企業和各類各樣的商品與服務，所以說在售賣商品的過程中產生了激烈的競爭。

·Incentives: The profit motive for firms and the possibility for individuals to earn unlimited wealth creates incentives to work hard. This helps to boost economic growth and living standards in the country.

因為沒有政府牽制，所有利潤都會回到商家自己的口袋里,這樣的話高利潤的回報就會鼓勵生產者去更努力工作，提高銷售量以求賺取更高的利潤。

▼Disadvantages:

·Social Hardships: With the absence of government control, the supply of public goods like street light and public toilets could not be provided because of no-profit return.

沒有了政府管制，因為公共設施沒有利潤回報（不從消費者身上收取費用）所以私有企業并不會提供這些，那么窮人可能就會很難維持他們的生活。

·Distribution of income inequalities: In the market system, the rich have far more choice and economic freedom. Production is taken place to meet the needs and wants to those who can afford it.

在市場經濟的形勢下，因為利潤的驅使生產者大多都生產利潤高的商品與服務。因為承擔得起，所以說有錢的消費者就比窮人有更多的選擇。必需品一般都是低收入低利潤，所以生產者一般不會去生產這些，但是這些都是窮人所需要的，但是他們沒有能力承擔高昂的價格，他們的需求就被忽視了。長此以往社會上會形成嚴重的貧富差距。

·Wasteful competition: Competitive pressures can mean that firms use up unnecessary resources to gain competitive advantages over their rivals, such as excess packaging and advertising clutter. Consumers might be exploited by marketing tactics such as pester power. The lack of government involvement could also mean that products are less safe for consumers.

是場內激烈的競爭意味著生產者需要制造出更有競爭力的商品，但是在這個制造的過程中會，淘汰很多東西經過篩選才能有成品，所以說在這個過程中會浪費很多資源。例如說廣告，商家在推銷自己產品過程中會推廣代言廣告（很多都是不必要的）以求吸引消費者注意力。廣告對于兒童尤其有影響力(pester power).

·Environmental issues: There are negative consequences of economic prosperity under the marketsystem, such as resource depletion, pollution and climate change.

沒有政府管制，私有企業為了賺錢可以利用一切資源，甚至可以破壞環境，就像現在因為工業生產而造成的霧霾等等。