Halogenation of Alkanes ?Free-radical substitution of alkanes Alkanes can undergo?free-radical substitution?in which a hydrogen atom gets?substituted?by a halogen (chlorine/bromine) Since alkanes a...
Unreactive Alkanes Strength of C-H bonds Alkanes consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms which are bonded together by?single?bonds Unless a lot of heat is supplied, it is difficult to break these?stro...
Benzene Kekulé structure for benzene Kekulé suggested that benzene was a?hexagon?with three double bonds It was therefore equivalent to three?ethene molecules Problems with Kekulé’s structure for b...
Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Atoms Alcohols and halogenoalkanes Primary?alcohols?and?halogenoalkanes?are those in which the carbon atom bonded to the? functional group is attached to?one?other...
3-D Modelling Representing?3-D?molecules on a?2D?surface is not easy and the best way to understand?3-D?structures is to use modelling kits or?3-D?modelling software, such as ACD Labs ChemSketch Fo...
Organic Nitrogen Compounds Amines There are three organic nitrogen families that you need to know:?amines, amides?and?nitriles Amine?is the name given to compounds containing the functional group?a...
Carboxylic Acids & Esters Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids?is the name given to compounds containing the functional group?carboxyl, -COOH The general formula of a carboxylic acid is?CnH2n+1COO...
Carbonyls Carbonyl?is the collective name for compounds containing the functional group?C=O The general formula of a carbonyl is?CnH2nO The two sub-families of?carbonyls?are?aldehyde?and?ketone?(kn...
Alcohols & Ethers Alcohols Alcohols?are a family of molecules that contain the?hydroxyl functional group,?-OH Their general formula is ?CnH2n+1OH The nomenclature of alcohols follows the patter...
