Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Atoms Alcohols and halogenoalkanes Primary?alcohols?and?halogenoalkanes?are those in which the carbon atom bonded to the? functional group is attached to?one?other...
3-D Modelling Representing?3-D?molecules on a?2D?surface is not easy and the best way to understand?3-D?structures is to use modelling kits or?3-D?modelling software, such as ACD Labs ChemSketch Fo...
Organic Nitrogen Compounds Amines There are three organic nitrogen families that you need to know:?amines, amides?and?nitriles Amine?is the name given to compounds containing the functional group?a...
Carboxylic Acids & Esters Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids?is the name given to compounds containing the functional group?carboxyl, -COOH The general formula of a carboxylic acid is?CnH2n+1COO...
Carbonyls Carbonyl?is the collective name for compounds containing the functional group?C=O The general formula of a carbonyl is?CnH2nO The two sub-families of?carbonyls?are?aldehyde?and?ketone?(kn...
Alcohols & Ethers Alcohols Alcohols?are a family of molecules that contain the?hydroxyl functional group,?-OH Their general formula is ?CnH2n+1OH The nomenclature of alcohols follows the patter...
Halogenoalkanes Halogenoalkanes?or?Haloalkanes?have the general molecular formula,?CnH2n+1X, where X represents a halogen Haloalkanes?are named using the prefix?chloro-,?bromo-?or?iodo-, with the e...
Alkanes Hydrocarbons?are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only There are four families of hydrocarbons you should know:?alkanes, alkenes, alkynes?and?arenes Alkanes?have the general molecul...
Nomenclature Systematic nomenclature?can be used to name organic compounds and therefore make it easier to refer to them The?alkanes?provide the basis of the naming system and the?stem?of each name...
Representing Formulae Organic compounds can be represented in a number of ways: Empirical Formulae Molecular Formulae Structural Formulae Condensed Structural Formulae The?empirical formula?shows t...
Homologous Series Organic chemistry?is the chemistry of carbon compounds Carbon forms a vast number of compounds because it can form strong covalent bonds with itself This enables it to form long c...
Electrolytic Cells An ionic compound conducts electricity when it is molten or in solution The current causes the ionic compound to split up and form new substances. This process is called?electrol...
