Oxidation of Primary Alcohols The products of oxidation of?alcohols?depends on the class of?alcohols Here is a reminder of the three classes of alcohols: The three classes of alcohols Primary alcoh...
Equation of a Straight Line What is the equation of a straight line? y = mx + c?is the equation for any straight line m?is?gradient?given by “difference in?y” ÷ “difference in?x” or?dy/dx c?is the?...
Combustion of Alcohols Alcohols react with oxygen in the air when ignited and undergo?complete combustion?to form carbon dioxide and water Alcohol + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water Complete combust...
Polymers Addition polymerisation Addition polymerisation?is one of the most important addition reactions of alkenes which form the basis of the plastic industry Addition polymerisation is the react...
Hydration of Alkenes When alkenes are treated with steam at?300?oC,?a pressure of?60 atmospheres?and?sulfuric acid (H2SO4)?or?phosphoric acid?(H3PO4)?catalyst, the water is added across the double ...
Hydrohalogenation of Alkenes Alkenes?will react readily with?hydrogen halides?such as?HCl?and?HBr?to produce?halogenoalkanes This reaction is known as?hydrohalogenation? It is also an?electrophilic...
Halogenation of Alkenes The reaction between?alkenes?and halogens is known as?halogenation It is an example of an?electrophilic?addition?where an electrophile ('electron seeker') joins onto to a do...
Hydrogenation of Alkenes Alkenes?are very useful compounds as they can undergo many types of reactions They can therefore be used as starting molecules when making new compounds The reaction betwee...
Reactivity of Alkenes Alkenes?are?hydrocarbons?containing a carbon-carbon double bond The atoms around the carbon-carbon double bond adopt a?planar arrangement?and the bond angle is 120o The bondin...
Halogenation of Alkanes ?Free-radical substitution of alkanes Alkanes can undergo?free-radical substitution?in which a hydrogen atom gets?substituted?by a halogen (chlorine/bromine) Since alkanes a...
Unreactive Alkanes Strength of C-H bonds Alkanes consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms which are bonded together by?single?bonds Unless a lot of heat is supplied, it is difficult to break these?stro...
Benzene Kekulé structure for benzene Kekulé suggested that benzene was a?hexagon?with three double bonds It was therefore equivalent to three?ethene molecules Problems with Kekulé’s structure for b...
