Alcohols & Ethers Alcohols Alcohols?are a family of molecules that contain the?hydroxyl functional group,?-OH Their general formula is ?CnH2n+1OH The nomenclature of alcohols follows the patter...
Halogenoalkanes Halogenoalkanes?or?Haloalkanes?have the general molecular formula,?CnH2n+1X, where X represents a halogen Haloalkanes?are named using the prefix?chloro-,?bromo-?or?iodo-, with the e...
Alkanes Hydrocarbons?are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only There are four families of hydrocarbons you should know:?alkanes, alkenes, alkynes?and?arenes Alkanes?have the general molecul...
Nomenclature Systematic nomenclature?can be used to name organic compounds and therefore make it easier to refer to them The?alkanes?provide the basis of the naming system and the?stem?of each name...
Representing Formulae Organic compounds can be represented in a number of ways: Empirical Formulae Molecular Formulae Structural Formulae Condensed Structural Formulae The?empirical formula?shows t...
Homologous Series Organic chemistry?is the chemistry of carbon compounds Carbon forms a vast number of compounds because it can form strong covalent bonds with itself This enables it to form long c...
Electrolytic Cells An ionic compound conducts electricity when it is molten or in solution The current causes the ionic compound to split up and form new substances. This process is called?electrol...
Voltaic Cells Voltaic (or Galvanic)?cells generate electricity from spontaneous redox reactions For example: Zn (s)? + CuSO4?(aq)→ Cu (s)? + ZnSO4?(aq) Instead of electrons being transferred direct...
The Winkler Method The?Winkler Method?is a technique used to measure dissolved oxygen in freshwater systems Dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator of the health of a water body, where higher diss...
Redox Titrations In a?titration, the concentration of a solution is determined by titrating with a solution of known concentration. In redox titrations, an?oxidizing agent?is titrated against a?red...
The Activity Series Metals can be ranked in order of reactivity -this is called the?reactivity series?or just?activity series Metals higher in reactivity can?displace?less reactive metals from thei...
Half Equations Oxidation numbers can be used to balance chemical equations Go through these steps to balance a redox equation: Write the unbalanced equation and identify the atoms which change in o...
