• In thermodynamics, the amount of substance is measured in the SI unit ‘mole’
  • This has the symbol?mol
  • The mole is a unit of?substance, not a unit of mass
• The mole is defined as:

The SI base unit of an ‘amount of substance’. It is the amount containing as many particles (e.g. atoms or molecules) as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12

• The mole is an important unit in thermodynamics
• If we consider the number of moles of two different gases under the same conditions, their physical properties are the same

• In AS Physics, the atomic mass unit (u) was introduced as approximately the mass of a proton or neutron = 1.66 × 10^-27?kg
• This means that an atom or molecule has a mass approximately equal to the number of protons and neutrons it contains
• A carbon-12 atom has a mass of:

12 u = 12 × 1.66 × 10^-27?= 1.99 × 10^-26?kg

• The exact number for a mole is defined as the number of molecules in exactly 12 g of carbon:

• Avogadro’s constant?(N_A)?is defined as:

The number of atoms of carbon-12 in 12 g of carbon-12; equal to 6.02 × 10²³?mol^-1

• For example, 1 mole of sodium (Na) contains 6.02 × 10²³?atoms?of sodium
• The number of atoms can be determined if the number of moles is known by multiplying by?N_A, for example:

2.0 mol of nitrogen contains:? 2.0 × N_A?= 2.0 × 6.02 × 10²³?= 1.20 × 10²⁴?atoms

Mole and the Atomic Mass

• One mole of any element is equal to the?relative atomic mass?of that element in grams
  • E.g. Helium has an atomic mass of 4 - this means 1 mole of helium has a mass of 4 g
• If the substance is a?compound, add up the relative atomic masses, for example, water (H₂O) is made up of
  • 2 hydrogen atoms (each with atomic mass of 1) and 1 oxygen atom (atomic mass of 16)
  • So, 1 mole of water would have a mass of (2 × 1) + 16 = 18 g

Molar Mass

• The molar mass of a substance is the mass, in grams, in one mole
  • Its unit is?g mol^-1
• The number of moles from this can be calculated using the equation:

Step 1: ???????????Calculate the mass of 1 mole of magnesium

One mole of any element is equal to the relative atomic mass of that

element in grams

1 mole = 24 g of magnesium

Step 2: ???????????Calculate the amount of moles in 6 g

Step 3: ???????????Convert the moles to number of molecules

1 mole = 6.02 × 10²³?molecules

0.25 moles = 0.25 × 6.02 × 10²³?= 1.51 × 10^23??molecules