• Polarisation is when:

Particle oscillations occur in only one of the directions perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

• Polarisation can only occur in transverse waves
  • This is because transverse waves oscillate in?any plane?perpendicular to the propagation direction

   

• When?transverse waves?are?polarised,?this means:
  • Vibrations are restricted to?one?direction
  • These vibrations are still?perpendicular?to the direction of propagation / energy transfer

   

• The difference between unpolarised and polarised waves is shown in the diagram below:

Diagram showing the displacement of unpolarised and polarised transverse waves

• Longitudinal waves (e.g. sound waves)?cannot?be polarised
  • This is because they oscillate parallel to the direction of travel

   

• Waves can be polarised through a?polariser?or?polarising filter
  • This only allows oscillations in a certain plane to be transmitted

   

Diagram showing an unpolarised and polarised wave travelling through polarisers

• Diagram?A?shows:
  • Only unpolarised waves can be polarised

   

• Diagram?B?shows:
  • When a polarised wave passes through a filter with a transmission axis perpendicular to the wave, none of the wave will pass through

   

• Light can also be polarised through reflection, refraction and scattering

Investigating Light Intensity with Two Polarisers

• If an unpolarised light source is placed in front of two identical polarising filters,?A?and?B, with their transmission axes?parallel:
  • Filter?A?will polarise the light in a certain axis
  • All of the polarised light will pass through filter?B?unaffected
  • In this case, the?maximum?intensity of light is transmitted

   

When both polarisers have the same transmission axis, the intensity of the transmitted light is at its maximum

• As the polarising filter?B?is rotated anticlockwise, the intensity of the light observed changes periodically depending on the angle?B?is rotated through
• When?A?and?B?have their transmission axes?perpendicular?to each other:
  • Filter?A?will polarise the light in a certain axis
  • This time none of the polarised light will pass through filter?B
  • In this case, the?minimum?intensity of light is transmitted

   

When one of the polarisers is rotated through 90°, the intensity of the transmitted light drops to zero

• The resulting graph of the light intensity with angle, as the second polariser is rotated through 360°, looks as follows:

Graph showing how the intensity of the transmitted beam varies with the angle between the transmission axes of the two polarisers

• In real life, the intensity of the unpolarised electromagnetic wave?reduces?after it passes through a polarising filter

? ? ? ANSWER:?A

• Radio waves are transverse waves - they can be polarised by a metal grid so only the waves that fit through the grid will be transmitted, therefore,?A?is correct
• B?cannot be correct as waves are not polarised when diffracted, but are polarised only when?reflected,?refracted?or?scattered
• C?&?D?cannot be correct as?polarisation only occurs for transverse waves, therefore,?C?&?D?can be ruled out as sound and ultrasound are both longitudinal waves

Polaroid Sunglasses

• Polaroid sunglasses are glasses containing lens with polarising filters with transmission axes that are?vertically oriented
  • This means the glasses do not allow any?horizontally polarised light?to pass through

   

Polaroid sunglasses contain vertically oriented polarising filters which block out any horizontally polarised light

• When light is reflected from a reflective surface e.g. the surface of water or a wet road, it undergoes?partial plane polarisation
  • This means if the surface is horizontal, a proportion of the reflected light will oscillate more in the horizontal plane than the vertical plane

   

• Therefore, polaroid sunglasses are useful in reducing the glare on the surface of the water (or any reflective surface) as the partially-polarised light will be eliminated by the polarising filter
• As a result of this, objects under the surface of the water can be viewed more clearly

When sunlight reflects off a horizontal reflective surface, such as water, the light becomes horizontally polarised. This is where polaroid sunglasses come in useful with their vertically aligned filter

Polaroid Photography

• Polaroid cameras work in the same way as polaroid sunglasses
  • They are very useful for capturing intensified colour and reducing glare on particularly bright sunny days

   

• Polarising filters also enable photographers to take photos of objects underwater
  • This is because the light reflected on the surface of the water is partially polarised in the horizontal plane
  • This glare is?eliminated?by the polarising lens
  • However, the light from the underwater object is?refracted?by the surface of the water, not reflected, so it is?not?plane-polarised
  • Therefore, the light from the underwater object is more intense than the glare and shows up much more brightly in the photo

   

As well as giving a cool look to photographs, polaroid filters are extremely useful for reducing glare in photos and snapping pictures of objects underwater

Polarisation of Radio & Microwave Signals

• Radio and television services are broadcast either horizontally-polarised or vertically-polarised
• Therefore, the reception aerial needs to be mounted flat (horizontal), or on its side (vertical),
  • The particular orientation of an aerial will depend on the transmitter it is pointing towards and the polarity of the services being broadcast

   

Broadcasting towers always transmit either vertically or horizontally polarised signals. This is why aerials must be positioned accordingly otherwise they won't pick up the TV signal correctly