• Transition metal salts that are readily soluble in water are forming metal-aqua complex ions when they dissolve in water
• When we show copper sulfate dissolving in water it is usually written as:

CuSO4?(s) + aq??→?Cu2+?(aq)? ?+ SO42-?(aq)

• However, what we really mean by this is that copper(II) ions are forming the hexaaqucopper(II) ion

CuSO4?(s) + aq??→?[Cu(H2O)6]?2+?(aq)? ?+ SO42-?(aq)

• The water molecules are ligands attached to the central transition metal cation by dative covalent bonding from the lone pairs on the oxygen molecules
• Iron(II) salts also form the hexaaqua complex ions:

Fe(NO3)2?(s) + aq??→?[Fe(H2O)6]?2+?(aq)? ?+ 2NO3-?(aq)

• Two common +3 aqua ions you should know are iron(III) and aluminium:

Fe(NO3)3?(s) + aq??→?[Fe(H2O)6]?3+?(aq)? ?+ 3NO3-?(aq)

Al2(SO4)3?(s) + aq??→?2[Al(H2O)6]?3+?(aq)? ?+ 3SO42-?(aq)

Hexaaqua complex ions of +2 and +3 metal ions

Lewis Acids and Bases

• In the section of acids and bases we saw the Br?nsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases

An acid is a substance which can behave as a proton donor

A base is a substance which can behave as a proton acceptor

• Gilbert Lewis is better known in the topic of bonding theory as the chemist whose name is given to electron dot structures of atoms, ions and molecules
• Lewis applied these structures to Br?nsted-Lowry theory and realised that acid-base reactions can be interpreted in terms of electron pairs movements rather than in terms of proton transfer
• For example when ammonia reacts with a proton an electron pair moves from ammonia to the proton:

H+? ? ?+? ???NH3???→? ?NH4+

The Lewis diagram shows that the base donates an electron pair to forming a dative covalent bond with the proton

• This lead to a new definition of acids and bases

A Lewis acid is a species which can bond by accepting a lone pair of electrons

A Lewis base is a species which can bond by donating a lone pair of electrons

• The bond formed is an example of a co-ordinate or dative covalent bond
• Following these definitions you should be able to see that in a metal-aqua complex ion:
  • The metal is a?Lewis acid
  • The water is a?Lewis base

   

• Although this definition of acids and bases is not required to be learned for the exam, you can see that it is a very useful concept for chemists when explaining movements of electrons pairs in a variety of situations

• You might imagine that salts of transition metal ions would be neutral in water
• However, ions of +3 aqua complexes are noticeably acidic compared to the +2 ions
• For example the pKa?of [Fe(H2O)6]?3+?(aq) is 2.2 which is significantly more acidic than ethanoic acid which has a pKa?of 4.8 (remember the lower the pKa?the more acidic the species is)
• The reason for this is that +3 ions are smaller and therefore have a higher charge density than +2 ions

• The higher charge density pulls the water molecules more strongly, which weakens the O-H bond and results in more dissociation, producing a more acidic solution
• We say that the metal ion?polarises?the water molecules

Metal(III) ions have a high charge density and polarise water molecules in the hexaaqua complexes

• This results in hydrogen ions (protons) splitting from the complexes creating acidic solutions

[Fe(H2O)6]?3+?(aq)???→? ??[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]?2+?(aq)? + H+?(aq)

• Notice that the loss of the proton results in the new pentaaqua complex having a +2 charge
  • Another way to think of this is the left over hydroxide ion from splitting a water molecule is negatively charged and cancels one of the charges on the complex ion

   

• The reaction process can also be shown with the hydroxonium ion as the product:

[Fe(H2O)6]?3+?(aq) + H2O (l)???→? ??[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]?2+?(aq)? + H3O+?(aq)

• These reactions are sometime called deprotonation reactions and occur in several steps

[Fe(H2O)6]?3+?(aq)???→? ??[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]?2+?(aq)? + H+?(aq)

[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]?2+?(aq)???→? ??[Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]?+?(aq)? + H+?(aq)

• However, the third deprotonation does not usually occur without the presence of a base
• The base facilitates the removal of the third proton and results in the precipitation of the insoluble hydrated iron(III)hydroxide which appears as a foxy red precipitate:

[Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]?+?(aq)??+ OH-?→? ??Fe(H2O)3(OH)3?(s)? + H2O (l)