Euclid’s Algorithm.
Greatest common divisor. Diophantine equation ax + by = c.
Proof of unique factorization in Z.
Modular arithmetic.
Inverses. Solving congruences. Fermat’s Theorem. Chinese Remainder Theorem.
Hensel’s lemma for solving congruences (mod pm).
Binomial coefficients.
Pascal’s triangle. Binomial Theorem.
Arithmetic properties of binomial coefficients, like: (x+y)p = xp + yp (mod p).
Polynomials.
Division algorithm, Remainder Theorem, number of roots.
Polynomials in Zp[x]. Irreducibles and unique factorization.
Z[x] and Gauss’s Lemma.
Cyclotomic polynomials.
Orders of elements.
Units. The group Um. Computing orders.
Cyclicity of Up. For which m is Um cyclic?
Quadratic reciprocity.
Legendre symbols. Euler’s criterion. Gauss’s fourth proof of Reciprocity.
Jacobi symbols.
Continued fractions.
Computing convergents. |x – p/q| < 1/q2.
Best rational approximations. Pell’s equation.
Arithmetic functions.
phi(n), tau(n), sigma(n), and mu(n). Multiplicative functions.
Sum of f(d) as d divides n. Moebius Inversion.
Convolutions of functions.
Gaussian integers: Z[i].
Norms. Which rational primes have Gaussian factors? Division algorithm.
Unique factorization. Fermat’s two squares theorem.
Counting residues (mod a+bi).
Finite fields.
Characteristic. Frobenius map. Factoring xpn – x.
Counting irreducible polynomials.
Uniqueness Theorem for the field of pn elements.
Resultants.
Discriminant of a polynomial and formal derivatives.
Resultant of two polynomials and relation with Euclid’s algorithm.
Another proof of Quadratic Reciprocity.
Geometry of numbers.
Lattice points. Pick’s Theorem. Minkowski’s Theorem.
Geometric interpretation of the Farey sequence and continued fractions.
Geometric proofs of the two square and four square theorems.
Quadratic number fields.
Which quadratic number rings are Euclidean? For instance
Z[sqrt(d)] is Euclidean when d = -1, -2, 2, 3 but not when d = -3, -5 or 5.
Algebraic integers.
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Discrete Mathematics
Combinatorics (enumerative, algebraic, geometric)
Generating functions and partitions
Graph theory
Ramsey theory
Probability
Finite geometries
Polytopes and polyhedra
Combinatorial Game Theory
Algebra and Number Theory
Linear algebra
Groups, rings, and fields
Primes and factorization algorithms
Congruences and quadratic reciprocity
Galois theory
Algebraic number theory
Analytic number theory
Fermat's Last Theorem for polynomials
p-adic numbers
Geometry of numbers
Geometry and Topology
Euclidean and non-Euclidean (hyperbolic, spherical, projective, inversive) geometries
Geometric transformations
Algebraic geometry
Point-set topology
Combinatorial topology
Knot theory
The Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem
Calculus and Analysis
Topics in calculus
Fourier analysis
Complex analysis
Real analysis
Dynamical systems
Set Theory, Logic, and Foundations
Cardinals and ordinals
G?del's Incompleteness Theorem
The Banach-Tarski Paradox
Model Theory
Category Theory
Computer Science
Theoretical CS
Complexity theory
Information Theory
Cryptography
Algorithms
Connections to Other Fields
Relativity and quantum mechanics
Neural networks
Mathematical biology
Game theory
Voting theory
Bayesian statistics
Discussions
Philosophy of Mathematics
Math Education
How to Give a Math Talk
College And Beyond
Problem Solving
Proof methods
Elementary and advanced techniques
Contest problems of various levels of difficulty
Relays and team competitions