The 2006 American Mathematics Competition-12 (AMC-12) B exam included the following question:
An object in the plane moves from one lattice point to another. At each step, the object may move one unit up, down, left, or right. If the object starts at the origin and takes a 10-step path, how many different points can be the final point?
Let L2(n) be the set of lattice points (x, y) in the plane that satisfy?|x|+|y|<n?and x+y=n(mod2).
The original problem, then, asks us to compute how many points are in the set L2(10). We wish to?prove that L2(n) contains (n+l)2?points. Clearly, |L2(1)|=4(where |L2(1)| represents the number of elements in L2(l)), since the points are {(1, 0),(-1, 0), (0, 1), and (0, -1)}. We can likewise verify
Now, L2(k+1) is the set of integer solutions to?|x|+|y|<k+1?and x+y=k+1(mod2). Note that the points included in L2(k) will not be solutions for the (k+1)?case, because they have the wrong parity?(even or odd). For instance, the point (k, 0) is in the set L2(k) but not in the set L2(k+1). To proceed by induction, we will need to find a relationship between the (k+l)st?case and previous cases.?We observe that L2(K-1)?L2(K+1).
The points in L2(k+1) that were not already in L2(k-1) are the points whose minimum distance from the origin is exactly k+1, that is
L2(k+1)= L2(k-1)∪{(x,y)||x|+|y|=k+1}
We will count how many points are in the set?{(x,y)||x|+|y|=k+1}?and call this set G2(k+1). First, let us consider the points in quadrant I satisfying the given conditions. These are {(1, k),(2, k-1), (3, k-2),...,(k,1)}. Since there are k points in quadrant I, by the symmetry of the absolute value function, we conclude that there are 4k points not lying on the axes that satisfy the condition. There are 4 points on the axes that we also need to include: (0, k+1), (0, -k-1), (k+1, 0), and (-k-1, 0). This gives us a total of 4k+4 points in the set.
Now, by the inductive hypothesis,?|L2(k-1)|=k2. We have