AP宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)| 知識(shí)點(diǎn)全面梳理(上)
II.Measurement of Economic Performance (12–16%)
A. National income accounts 國(guó)民收入賬戶
1. Circular flow 循環(huán)
2. Gross domestic product 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)
3. Components of gross domestic product 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的構(gòu)成
4. Real versus nominal gross domestic product 實(shí)際與名義GDP
B. Inflation measurement and adjustment 通貨膨脹
1. Price indices 價(jià)格指數(shù)
2. Nominal and real values 名義價(jià)格與實(shí)際價(jià)格
3. Costs of inflation 通貨膨脹的(社會(huì))成本
C. Unemployment 失業(yè)
1. Definition and measurement 定義和度量指標(biāo)
2. Types of unemployment 失業(yè)的類(lèi)型
3. Natural rate of unemployment 自然失業(yè)率
To provide an overview of how the?economy works, the course should start with a model of the circular flow of income and products that contain the four?sectors: households, businesses, government and international. It is important?to identify and examine the key measures of economic performance: gross domestic product, unemployment and inflation.
In studying the concept of gross domestic product, it is also important?that students learn how gross domestic product is measured, have a clear?understanding of its components and be able to distinguish between real and nominal gross domestic product.
The course should examine the nature and causes of unemployment, the costs of unemployment and how the unemployment rate is measured, including the?criticisms associated with the measurement of the unemployment rate. It is also?important to understand the concept of the natural rate?of unemployment and the factors that affect it. Students should also?have an understanding of inflation and how it is?measured. In this section, the course should cover the costs of inflation and?the main price indices, such as the consumer price?index (CPI) and the gross domestic product?deflator. Students should learn how these indices are constructed and?used to convert nominal values into real values, as well as to convert dollar?values in the past to dollar values in the present. It is also important to?highlight the differences between the two price indices as a measure of?inflation, as well as the problems associated with each measure.
A
1.經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)
2、Gross?Domestic Product(GDP)
國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值,它指在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)(一個(gè)季度或一年),一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)中所生產(chǎn)出的全部最終產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)的價(jià)值。有以下幾點(diǎn)需要注意,第一,GDP是一個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)的概念,談GDP首先必須指明一個(gè)時(shí)間跨度,比如從去年的今天到今年的今天,這是整整一年。
第二,GDP是在這一時(shí)間段中一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū),所新生產(chǎn)出的最終產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)的總和,只有最終的才計(jì)算在GDP里面,中間產(chǎn)品不算。用公式表示出來(lái)就是:GDP=ΣPX。
3、GDP的構(gòu)成
由上面的經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流程圖我們看到,經(jīng)濟(jì)中一共有四個(gè)主要的部分:居民、企業(yè)、政府和國(guó)際貿(mào)易,對(duì)應(yīng)于此,GDP包括這四個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo),分別為:消費(fèi)、投資、政府購(gòu)買(mǎi)和凈出口,用公式表示Y=C+I+G+NX。
4、實(shí)際與名義GDP
當(dāng)價(jià)格用規(guī)定的之前某一年的價(jià)格(稱(chēng)為基期價(jià)格)時(shí),稱(chēng)其為實(shí)際GDP;當(dāng)計(jì)算GDP中的價(jià)格P用現(xiàn)在的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格時(shí),所得到的GDP稱(chēng)為名義GDP。
實(shí)際與名義的區(qū)別在于前者剔除了價(jià)格變動(dòng)的影響,后者則將其包括在內(nèi)。名義GDP與實(shí)際GDP的比值稱(chēng)為GDP平減指數(shù)(GDP deflator)。
B
1、通貨膨脹
當(dāng)價(jià)格呈現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期、普遍上漲的時(shí)候,我們稱(chēng)為通貨膨脹;當(dāng)價(jià)格呈現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期、普遍下降的時(shí)候,我們稱(chēng)為通貨緊縮。注意的地方是,通貨膨脹和通貨緊縮是描述價(jià)格長(zhǎng)期的、普遍的變化趨勢(shì),并不單單指某一產(chǎn)品。如果僅僅是某一產(chǎn)品,我們只能說(shuō)它的價(jià)格上漲了,卻不能說(shuō)發(fā)生通貨膨脹了。
2、消費(fèi)者價(jià)格指數(shù)(CPI)
我們把產(chǎn)出中和我們?nèi)粘I钕⑾⑾嚓P(guān)的產(chǎn)品找出來(lái),對(duì)他們的價(jià)格進(jìn)行記錄,即固定商品、改變價(jià)格,用后一年(或一個(gè)月、一個(gè)季度)的數(shù)值除以前一個(gè)數(shù)值,得到的比值稱(chēng)為CPI。
與GDP平減指數(shù)不同,CPI反應(yīng)與居民生活密切相關(guān)的那些商品的價(jià)格變動(dòng),而GDP平減指數(shù)衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)中所有產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格變動(dòng)。
3、通貨膨脹的成本
鞋底成本:shoe-leather cost,通貨膨脹使人們不愿持有貨幣,這樣,當(dāng)需要消費(fèi)的時(shí)候,人們就要一次又一次地去銀行取錢(qián),如此損失掉的時(shí)間與便利稱(chēng)為鞋底成本。當(dāng)然它不單單只磨壞鞋底所遭受的損失,更重要的是表示通貨膨脹使人們損失掉了時(shí)間與便利。
菜單成本:menu cost,這個(gè)詞源自餐館印刷新菜單的成本,它包括決定新價(jià)格的成本、印刷新清單和目錄的成本、把這些新價(jià)格表和目錄送給中間商和顧客的成本、為新價(jià)格做廣告的成本,甚至包括處理顧客對(duì)價(jià)格變動(dòng)惱怒的成本。

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