寫(xiě)作：A-level,IB以及AP優(yōu)異成績(jī)的地基
寫(xiě)作是AP英語(yǔ)課程和考試的核心，在AP英語(yǔ)課程學(xué)習(xí)中，文章撰寫(xiě)“過(guò)程”被認(rèn)為需要通過(guò)思考、計(jì)劃、起草文章、然后回顧、討論、重新起草、編輯、潤(rùn)色，最后才完成。
學(xué)會(huì)寫(xiě)批判性或說(shuō)明性的及時(shí)的文章需要時(shí)間和實(shí)踐。但這將會(huì)幫助學(xué)生發(fā)展成為有條理的，有邏輯的，清晰的，批判性的人，恰恰這也是藤校未來(lái)的人才所需具備的主要品質(zhì)。?
考試形式
Format of Assessment
p I:?Multiple Choice: 52–55 Questions | 1 Hour | 45% of Exam Score? Includes excerpts from several non-fiction texts
? Each excerpt is accompanied by several multiple-choice questions
第一部分：?jiǎn)雾?xiàng)選擇：52-55道題?|?1小時(shí)?|?占考試成績(jī)的45%
·包括幾篇非小說(shuō)類（即非虛構(gòu)）的文本片段
·每一段節(jié)選都附有幾個(gè)選擇題
p II:?Free Response: 3 Prompts | 2 Hours, 15 Minutes | 55% of Exam Score
- 15 minutes for reading source materials for the synthesisprompt (in the free-response p)
- 2 hours to write essay responses to the three free-response promptsPrompt TypesSynthesis: Students read several texts about a topic and create an argument that synthesizes at least three of the sources to support their thesis.Rhetorical Analysis: Students read a non-fiction text and analyze how the writer’s language choices contribute to his or her purpose and intended meaning for the text.Argument: Students create an evidence-based argument that responds to a given topic.
第二部分：寫(xiě)作：3個(gè)題目?|?2小時(shí)15分鐘 |?占考試成績(jī)的55%
·寫(xiě)作總時(shí)間是2小時(shí)15分鐘
·這包括15分鐘的閱讀時(shí)間給綜合性寫(xiě)作的閱讀資料，這是為了給學(xué)生提供時(shí)間來(lái)開(kāi)展思路，組織語(yǔ)言回答。
·剩余2小時(shí)完成對(duì)應(yīng)三道寫(xiě)作題目，考試建議每篇40分鐘完成。通常考生會(huì)在綜合閱讀期結(jié)束前開(kāi)始答題。
寫(xiě)作類型
綜合性寫(xiě)作：學(xué)生閱讀幾段關(guān)于一個(gè)主題的文本，并創(chuàng)建一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，綜合至少三個(gè)來(lái)源來(lái)支持他們的論文。
修辭分析性寫(xiě)作：學(xué)生閱讀非小說(shuō)文本，并分析作者的語(yǔ)言選擇是如何有助于他文本的目的和意圖。
議論性寫(xiě)作：學(xué)生創(chuàng)建一個(gè)基于證據(jù)的論點(diǎn)，以回應(yīng)給定的主題。
Sample Multiple-Choice Question
范例
單項(xiàng)選擇題目范例
給出一篇短文，并要求根據(jù)這篇文章回答一組提示和問(wèn)題。
Students are given a passage of writing and asked to respond to a set of prompts and questions based on the passage. Below is one example.
The primary rhetorical function of lines 14–22 is to
(A) provide support for a thesis supplied in lines 1–2
(B) provide evidence to contrast with that supplied in the first paragraph
(C) present a thesis that will be challenged in paragraph three
(D) introduce a series of generalizations that are supported in the last two paragraphs
(E) anticipate objections raised by the ideas presented in lines 12–14
Sample Free-Response Question
The following passage is from Rights of Man, a book written by the pamphleteerThomas Paine in 1791. Born in England, Paine was an intellectual, a revolutionary, and a supporter of American independence from England. Read the passage carefully. Then write an essay that examines the extent to which Paine’s characterization of America holds true today. Use appropriate evidence to support your argument.
If there is a country in the world, where concord, according to common calculation, would be least expected,
it is America. Made up, as it is, of people from different nations, accustomed to different forms and habits of government, speaking different languages, and more different in their modes of worship, it would appear that the union of such a people was impracticable; but by the simple operation of constructing government on the principles of society and the rights of man, every difficulty retires, and all the parts are brought into cordial unison.There, the poor are not oppressed, the rich are not privileged....Their taxes are few, because their government is just; and as there is nothing to render them wretched, there is nothing to engender riots and tumults.
以綜合性寫(xiě)作為例，需要仔細(xì)閱讀六個(gè)閱讀材料，然后至少?gòu)娜齻€(gè)素材中整合信息，完成一篇文章。
Eminent domain is the power governments have to acquire property from private owners for public use. The rationale behind eminent domain is that governments have greater legal authority over lands within their dominion than do private owners. Eminent domain has been instituted in one way or another throughout the world for hundreds of years.
征用權(quán)是指政府必須從私人所有者那里獲得財(cái)產(chǎn)以供公共使用的權(quán)力。征用土地背后的理由是政府對(duì)其內(nèi)的土地?fù)碛斜人饺怂姓吒蟮姆蓹?quán)力。數(shù)百年來(lái)，世界各地都以這樣或那樣的方式建立了知名領(lǐng)域。
Carefully read the following six sources, including the introductory information for each source. Then synthesize material from at least three of the sources and incorporate it into a coherent, well-developed essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies the notion that eminent domain is productive and beneficial.
Your argument should be the focus of your essay. Use the sources to develop your argument and explain the reasoning for it. Avoid merely summarizing the sources. Indicate clearly which sources you are drawing from, whether through direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary. You may cite the sources as Source A, Source B, etc., or by using the descriptions in parentheses.
Source A (U.S. Department of Justice)
Source B (Carney)
Source C (Somin)
Source D (Porter)
Source E (cartoon)
Source F (Narciso)
每篇寫(xiě)作評(píng)分范圍為0-9分，下圖為8分作文。
?對(duì)于考官給與的評(píng)論是：?
·有效地高質(zhì)量的主張（effectively qualified claim）
·有充分的理由（offers well-reasoned）
·有效的討論素材內(nèi)容（effective discussions of source）
·有令人信服的例子（provides a convincing example）?
·語(yǔ)言控制還需完善（language control not flawless）
從AP英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言與寫(xiě)作考試可以看出，寫(xiě)作對(duì)于選擇AP課程的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，其要求與難度都十分之高。在綜合性寫(xiě)作，方面需要考生有良好的文化素養(yǎng)，需要擁有在人文，歷史，政治，科學(xué)等各個(gè)方面的儲(chǔ)備知識(shí)，并且有良好的閱讀能力以及信息篩選能力。在修辭分析性寫(xiě)作方面，需要考生理解文章意圖，具備語(yǔ)言敏感性，并將或得到的信息通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)換，用自己的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)出來(lái)。而議論性寫(xiě)作，更注重考生的思辨能力，需要具備大量的論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)去論證題目。當(dāng)然高分獲得還需要有良好的語(yǔ)法，詞匯，文章結(jié)構(gòu)等基礎(chǔ)上。
相比較而言，準(zhǔn)備去上AP課程的孩子們準(zhǔn)備好面對(duì)寫(xiě)作了嗎？
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